Alkyl sulfate / alkyl ether sulfate gypsum foamer

ABSTRACT

A surfactant composition is disclosed comprising a first alkyl sulfate surfactant, optionally a second alkyl sulfate surfactant, and optionally an alkyl ether sulfate. The first and second alkyl sulfate surfactants have Formula (1): R1—OSO3−+M1(1) and the ether sulfate has Formula (2): R2—(OCH2CH2)yOSO3−30 M2(2) in which R1 and R2 are independently selected linear or branched alkyl or a combination thereof having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, y has an average value from 0.1 to 5, and M1 and M2 are cations independently selected from sodium, calcium, ammonium, or a combination of two or all of these. Use of the composition as a foaming agent for gypsum slurries, and of the gypsum slurries for formation of gypsum boards, are disclosed.

BACKGROUND

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 62/482,416, filed Apr. 6, 2017, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety to provide continuity of disclosure.

The disclosed technology relates generally to the manufacture of gypsum wallboard, and more particularly to a surfactant composition used to foam the gypsum slurry incorporated into the gypsum wallboard between the facing sheets. The purpose of foaming the gypsum slurry is to reduce the weight of the gypsum wallboard while still enabling it to perform its functions as a building material.

U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0223258 A1 (“Bruce et al.”) provides a description of preexisting knowledge in the formation of gypsum wallboard using foaming agents. Other patent documents providing background in this area are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,156,615; 5,085,929; 5,116,671; 5,240,639; 5,643,510; 5,714,001; 7,033,431; 7,220,373; WO2014172469; and WO2016205170. Each of these patent documents is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SUMMARY

In a first embodiment, a surfactant composition is contemplated comprising:

-   -   from 70 to 100 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl sulfate; and     -   from 0 to 30 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl ether sulfate.

The linear or branched alkyl sulfate comprises the structure of Formula (1):

R¹—OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M¹  (1)

in which R¹ is linear or branched alkyl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and M¹ is a cation. The alkyl ether sulfate comprises the structure of Formula (2):

R²—(OCH₂CH₂)_(y)OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M²  (2)

in which R² is branched alkyl or linear alkyl or a combination thereof having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, y has an average value from 0.1 to 5, preferably from 0.8 to 3, and M² is a cation. M¹ and M² can be independently selected, and can be the same or different.

In a second embodiment, a surfactant composition is contemplated comprising:

-   -   from 91 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1), an         average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 10 and 11,         and the following proportions by weight of species of Formula         (1):         -   7% to 12% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₉H₁₉;         -   42% to 59% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁;         -   15% to 29% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₁H₂₃;         -   7% to 15% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and     -   from 0.5 to 9 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula         (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 10         and 11, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.

In a third embodiment, a surfactant composition is contemplated comprising:

-   -   from 97.5 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear         or branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1),         an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 9 and         10, and the following proportions by weight of species of         Formula (1):         -   25% to 47% in which R1 is straight or branched C₈H₁₇;         -   38% to 55% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁;         -   12% to 20% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and     -   from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula         (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 9         and 10, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.

A gypsum slurry according to any of the first, second, and third embodiments is contemplated comprising gypsum, water, and the surfactant composition of the embodiment.

A gypsum board according to any of the first, second, and third embodiments is contemplated comprising a core and facing sheets, the core comprising the gypsum slurry according to the embodiment. The core has multiple foam voids, which are also sometimes referred to as bubbles, with the same meaning.

Still other aspects and variations are also provided, as will be evident to a person of ordinary skill in the gypsum wallboard manufacturing art, after considering this specification and the other knowledge possessed by such a person.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a gypsum wallboard manufacturing line according to any embodiment.

The following reference characters are used in the FIG. 1:

90 First foam water composition 100 Vessel 110 Foam 120 Pipe 130 Fluid meter 140 Outlet pipe 145 Mixer 150 Foam generator 160 Vessel 165 Second foam water composition 170 Pipe 180 Fluid meter 190 Pipe 200 Pipe or trough 210 Foam feeder 220 Pipe or trough 225 Stucco 230 Bin 240 Chute 250 Dry material feeder 270 Mixing vessel 275 Gauge water 280 Tank 290 Drain 300 Metering feeder 310 Pipe 315 Pipe 320 Foamed gypsum slurry 330 Metering feeder 335 Still gypsum slurry 340 Pipe 350 Mixing vessel 360 Vessel or trough 370 Depositing point 380 Running lower web 390 Running upper web 400 Gypsum board

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The surfactant compositions of the first, second, or third embodiment briefly described above comprise one or more surfactants, water, and optionally other ingredients. The proportions in the net surfactant composition to be combined with the stucco, from one or more feed streams, optionally of different composition if from more than one feed stream, can be from 70 to 100 wt. %, optionally 90 to 100 wt. %, optionally 93 to 99 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl sulfate, which optionally can be a mixture of two or more linear or branched alkyl sulfates having an alkyl chain length of 6 to 14 carbon atoms; and from 0 to 30 wt. %, optionally 0 to 10 wt. %, optionally 1 to 7 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl ether sulfate, which optionally can be a mixture of two or more linear or branched alkyl ether sulfates having an alkyl chain length of 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

“By total surfactant weight” means that these proportions only reflect the amount of these particular active surfactants, not including any amount of water, gypsum, or non-surfactant ingredients present in the surfactants as supplied or as formulated.

The alkyl sulfate of the first embodiment comprises the structure of Formula (1):

R¹—OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M¹  (1)

in which R¹ is linear or branched alkyl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and M¹ is a cation. Alternatively in this first embodiment, R¹ has at least 9 carbon atoms, alternatively at least 10 carbon atoms, alternatively at least 11 carbon atoms, alternatively at most about 14 carbon atoms. Specific alkyl sulfates of the first embodiment contemplated here and commercially available are C₈, C₈₋₁₀, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₀₋₁₂, C₁₂₋₁₄, or C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfates, and mixtures of any two or more of these. Any of these alkyl sulfate species can be linear, branched (as shown and described in more detail in WO2016205170), or a combination of linear and branched species.

Broadly speaking, linear R¹ or any branching of R¹ is contemplated in the first embodiment.

Any suitable cation may be used, including but not limited to calcium, sodium, ammonium, or any combination of two or more of these.

The alkyl ether sulfate of the first embodiment contemplated here comprises the structure of Formula (2):

R²—(OCH₂CH₂)_(y)OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M²  (2)

in which R² is branched alkyl or linear alkyl or a combination thereof having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, optionally 6 to 11 carbon atoms, y has an average value from 0.1 to 5, optionally 0.8 to 3, optionally 1.8 to 2.8, and M² is any suitable cation, including but not limited to calcium, sodium, ammonium, or any combination of two or more of these.

Specific alkyl ether sulfates of the first embodiment contemplated here can be made by ethoxylating the corresponding alkyl sulfates described above to the desired degree, using well-known technology. Specifically contemplated here are C₈, C₈₋₁₀, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₀₋₁₂, C₁₂₋₁₄, or C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfates, and mixtures of any two or more of these. The alkyl moiety of any of these alkyl ether sulfate species can be linear, branched (as shown and described in more detail in WO2016205170), or a combination of linear and branched species.

M¹ and M² of the first embodiment are independently selected, meaning they can be the same or different. Optionally, M¹ and M² can each be ammonium (NH₄ ⁺). Optionally, M¹ and M² can each be sodium (Na⁺). Alternatively in the first embodiment M¹ is sodium and M² is ammonium. Alternatively in the first embodiment M¹ is ammonium and M² is sodium.

A second embodiment is like the first embodiment, except that the contemplated surfactant composition comprises:

-   -   from 91 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1), an         average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 10 and 11,         and the following proportions by weight of species of Formula         (1):         -   7% to 12% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₉H₁₉;         -   42% to 59% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁;         -   15% to 29% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₁H₂₃;         -   7% to 15% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and     -   from 0.5 to 9 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula         (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 10         and 11, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.

A third embodiment is like the first and second embodiments, except that the contemplated surfactant composition comprises:

-   -   from 97.5 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear         or branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1),         an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 9 and         10, and the following proportions by weight of species of         Formula (1):     -   25% to 47% in which R1 is straight or branched C₈H₁₇;     -   38% to 55% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁;     -   12% to 20% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and     -   from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or         branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula         (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 9         and 10, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.

A gypsum slurry of any embodiment is made by combining stucco, water, and a surfactant comprising the corresponding embodiment of the surfactant composition described above. “Gypsum” technically refers to the hydrated mineral that can either be mined or produced by combining calcined gypsum—stucco—with water. Since the present compositions contain water, the slurry is specified here as a gypsum slurry, even though, if still not fully cured, some of this mineral persists as stucco. The range of proportions of stucco addition is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, useful proportions of stucco (for example, about 72 wt. %), foaming surfactant (typically from about 0.005 wt. % to about 0.03 wt. %), and water (balance, for example about 28 wt. %) can be used. A person of ordinary skill can vary and adapt these proportions and ingredients to particular processing conditions and desired compositions.

Various optional ingredients can be employed in the present gypsum slurries of any embodiment. Some examples of such optional ingredients, including many mentioned in ¶¶0075-0081 of Bruce et al., incorporated by reference, are slurry set retarders or accelerators (such as finely ground gypsum and/or potassium sulfate), ball mill accelerators (for example containing starch or dextrose), water-reducing agents, dispersants, moisture-resistant agents, fire-retardant agents, paper fiber and/or chopped glass fibers, boric acid, or other ingredients. Among the effects that these additives are known to achieve are: a reduction in the amount of water required to produce a workable gypsum board core slurry; a reduced slurry viscosity; the retardation of the onset of setting of the slurry to a solid gypsum board core until after the fully formulated foamed gypsum board core has been formed into its final width; the acceleration of the setting of the calcined gypsum slurry on the setting belt; an increased resistance to product over-drying during manufacture; an increased resistance of the final product to moisture and fire; and an increased resistance to damage during shipping, handling and the installation of the manufactured gypsum board.

A gypsum board 400 of any embodiment is contemplated comprising a foamed gypsum core 320 and facing sheets 380 and 390 as shown in FIG. 1. The core 320 comprises gypsum plus any surfactant composition embodiment described above. The core 320 has multiple foam voids.

A first foam water composition 90 of any embodiment is provided, for example disposed in a vessel 100, comprising 0.05 to 1 wt. % active weight of an alkyl sulfate surfactant. The alkyl sulfate surfactant of the first foam water composition comprises a linear or branched alkyl sulfate surfactant as described above. The first foam water composition can thus be a pure linear alkyl sulfate or a mixture of linear alkyl sulfate with a branched alkyl sulfate, optionally further combined with other materials. One specific example of an additional material contemplated here is one or more alkyl ether sulfates, which usually is combined in a minor proportion relative to the amount of one or more alkyl sulfates.

A second foam water composition 165 of any embodiment is also provided, for example disposed in a vessel 160, which has a composition somewhat different in proportions or ingredients from the first foam water composition, so they can be mixed in different proportions during production to control production specifications such as median foam void diameter. For example, it has been found that using a surfactant mixture having more alkyl sulfate surfactant and less alkyl ether sulfate surfactant, or a less-highly-ethoxylated alkyl ether sulfate, or a greater proportion of branched alkyl sulfate, or a shorter chain alkyl sulfate, may produce larger median foam void diameters.

It is also contemplated that the water used to make the foam water compositions may equally be added before or after the linear and branched alkyl sulfate surfactants, and/or an alkyl ether sulfate surfactant or other ingredients, are mixed. Regardless of the order of addition of the water, surfactants, or other ingredients, this process step is regarded as combining the first and second foam water compositions.

The first foam water composition 90 of any embodiment in the tank 100 can be exhausted through a pipe 120, metered in a specific proportion at any given time by a fluid meter 130, and passed by an outlet pipe 140 to a mixer 145. The second foam water composition 165 in the tank 160 can be exhausted through a pipe 170, metered in a specific proportion at any given time by a fluid meter 180, and passed to the mixer 145. The mixer 145 mixes the first and second foam water composition to form a final or net foam water composition, and passes the final or net foam water composition via a pipe 190 to the foam generator 150. The foam generator 150 employs mechanical energy, such as rotation of an impeller, to generate foam 110 from the foam water.

Alternatively in any embodiment, the first and second foam water compositions can be foamed independently, for example in separate foam generators, and the respective streams of foam combined either before or as the foam and stucco are mixed in the slurry mixer.

A third foam water composition can also be prepared and mixed into the gypsum slurry in any embodiment. The third foam water composition optionally can be combined with one or both of the first and second foam water compositions as a still composition or as separately generated foam. Alternatively, the third foam water composition can be added directly to the gypsum slurry mixer in the form of foam.

Separately, a gypsum slurry is formed by combining the foam 110, stucco 225, optionally gauge water 275, and optionally minor proportions of other ingredients. Any method, order of steps, or equipment can be used.

Referring again to FIG. 1, when forming a gypsum slurry, stucco 225 provided in a suitable bin 230 can be conveyed via a chute 240 by a dry material feeder 250, such as a screw feeder, to a mixing vessel 270. Gauge water 275 provided in a suitable tank 280 can be conveyed via a drain 290, a metering feeder 300, and a pipe 310 to the mixing vessel 270, optionally an in-line or other type of continuous mixer, where the stucco 225 and gauge water 275 can be mixed to form a still (unfoamed) gypsum slurry 335.

The still gypsum slurry 335 can leave the mixing vessel 270 via a pipe 315, a metering feeder 330, and a pipe 340 to a further mixing vessel 350. The foam 110 can be conveyed via a pipe or trough 200, a foam feeder 210, and a pipe or trough 220 to the further mixing vessel 350, which for example can be a pin mixer, a pinless mixer, or any other useful type of slurry mixer. The further mixing vessel 350 is operated to mix the foam 110 and the still gypsum slurry 335 to form a foamed gypsum slurry 320.

Alternatively, the stucco 225, gauge water 275, and foam 110 could be combined in a single mixer to form a foamed gypsum slurry 320.

Alternatively, the foam water 90 and the foam water 165 could be separately foamed and the two streams of foam could be mixed together either upstream of or directly with the stucco 225 and gauge water 275 in a single mixer 350 to form a foamed gypsum slurry 320.

The foamed gypsum slurry 320 can leave the further mixing vessel 350 via a pipe or trough 360 and can be deposited at the deposition point 370 on a running lower web 380 of paper or another type of facing sheet. The foamed gypsum slurry can be sandwiched to form a gypsum board 400 by applying a running upper web 390 of paper or other material on the foamed gypsum slurry. The foamed gypsum slurry 320, contained between its facing sheets defined by the running lower web 380 and running upper web 390, is then cured, dried, and cut to form gypsum wallboards or another product.

Alternatively, the apparatus and methods described in Bruce et al., incorporated by reference above, can be used.

Also contemplated in any embodiment is a new method of changing the median foam void diameter in a gypsum board while forming the board. The method can be used, for example, to correct a deviation from the intended median foam void diameter, preferably while the board forming line remains operating to minimize or eliminate down time.

The method can be carried out as follows in any embodiment. First and second foam water compositions 90 and 165 and stucco 225 as described above are provided, again optionally including additional ingredients. A foamed gypsum slurry 320 is formed comprising the first foam water composition 90, the second foam water composition 165, and stucco 225 and delivered at the delivery point 270. While the foamed gypsum slurry 320 is being formed, the proportions of the first and second foam water compositions 90 and 165 are changed to change the median foam void diameter of the gypsum slurry, and thus the median foam void diameter in the gypsum board 400.

WORKING EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the practice of the present technology of any embodiment without limiting the technology.

Protocol for Gypsum Slurry Formation

Foamers are provided, each made from one or more alkyl sulfates and in some cases one or more alkyl ether sulfates having the respective alkyl chain lengths, proportions, and one of the alternative ranges or degrees of ethoxylation specified in Tables 1-15. (Range A or B and Species C, D, or E in Table 15 are alternative proportions of ethoxylation specified for each listed species.) Thus the row identified as Species 1 of Table 1 provides five different species, respectively 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E, as do the other numbered species in the respective rows of Tables 1-15.

To prepare foam water, the selected gypsum foaming surfactant (sometimes referred to as a “foamer”) is combined with room temperature tap water in suitable proportions, for example, from about 0.005 wt. % to about 0.03 wt. % surfactant (by weight of the complete gypsum slurry). Separately, gauging water is prepared by combining, for example, tap water, a retarder, and a dispersant in suitable proportions.

The dry ingredients, for example stucco, boric acid, a ball mill accelerator (BMA) containing 5% dextrose, and starch are mixed in suitable proportions.

To prepare the gypsum slurry, the foam water and dry ingredients are combined.

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LENGTHY TABLES The patent application contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (https://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20210107832A1). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3). 

1. A surfactant composition comprising: 30% to 60% by weight of a first alkyl sulfate surfactant having Formula (1): R¹—OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M¹  (1) in which R¹ is linear or branched alkyl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and M¹ is a cation selected from sodium, calcium, ammonium, or a combination of two or all of these; 40% to 70% by weight of a second alkyl sulfate surfactant different from the first alkyl sulfate surfactant, also having Formula (1): R¹—OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M¹  (1) in which R¹ is linear or branched alkyl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and M¹ is a cation selected from sodium, calcium, ammonium, or a combination of two or all of these; and 0% to 7% by weight of an alkyl ether sulfate comprising Formula (2): R²−(OCH₂CH₂)_(y)OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M²  (2) in which R² is branched alkyl or linear alkyl or a combination thereof having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, y has an average value from 0.1 to 5, and M² is a cation selected from sodium, calcium, ammonium, or a combination of two or all of these.
 2. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₆ alkyl ether sulfate.
 3. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₆ alkyl ether sulfate.
 4. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₆ alkyl ether sulfate.
 5. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₆ alkyl ether sulfate.
 6. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₆ alkyl ether sulfate.
 7. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl ether sulfate.
 8. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl ether sulfate.
 9. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl ether sulfate.
 10. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl ether sulfate.
 11. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl ether sulfate.
 12. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfate.
 13. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfate.
 14. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈₋₁₀ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfate.
 15. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfate.
 16. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the first alkyl sulfate is a C₈ alkyl sulfate, the second alkyl sulfate is a C₁₀₋₁₂ alkyl sulfate, and the alkyl ether sulfate is a C₉₋₁₁ alkyl ether sulfate.
 17. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the average degree of ethoxylation is 0.8 to 3 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl ether sulfate.
 18. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the average degree of ethoxylation is 1.8 to 2.8 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl ether sulfate.
 19. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the average degree of ethoxylation is about 2 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl ether sulfate.
 20. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the average degree of ethoxylation is about 2.2 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl ether sulfate.
 21. The surfactant composition of claim 1, in which the average degree of ethoxylation is about 2.4 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl ether sulfate.
 22. A surfactant composition comprising: from 70 to 100 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl sulfate; and from 0 to 30 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl ether sulfate; in which the linear or branched alkyl sulfate comprises the structure of Formula (1): R¹—OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M¹  (1) in which R¹ is linear or branched alkyl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and M¹ is a cation; the linear or branched alkyl ether sulfate comprises the structure of Formula (2): R²—(OCH₂CH₂)_(y)OSO₃ ⁻ ⁺M²  (2) in which R² is branched alkyl or linear alkyl or a combination thereof having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, y has an average value from 0.1 to 5, M² is a cation, and M¹ and M² are independently selected, and can be the same or different.
 23. A gypsum slurry comprising gypsum, water, and the surfactant composition of claim 22
 24. A gypsum board comprising a core and facing sheets, the core comprising the gypsum slurry of claim 23 and having multiple foam voids.
 25. A surfactant composition comprising: from 91 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 10 and 11, and the following proportions by weight of species of Formula (1): 7% to 12% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₉H₁₉; 42% to 59% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁; 15% to 29% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₁H₂₃; 7% to 15% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and from 0.5 to 9 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 10 and 11, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.
 26. A gypsum slurry comprising gypsum, water, and the surfactant composition of claim
 25. 27. A gypsum board comprising a core and facing sheets, the core comprising the gypsum slurry according to claim 26 having multiple foam voids.
 28. A surfactant composition comprising: from 97.5 to 99.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl sulfate having the structure of Formula (1), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R¹ between 9 and 10, and the following proportions by weight of species of Formula (1): 25% to 47% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₈H₁₇; 38% to 55% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₀H₂₁; 12% to 20% in which R¹ is straight or branched C₁₂H₂₅; and from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % by total surfactant weight of a linear or branched alkyl ether sulfate having the structure of Formula (2), an average number of carbon atoms, n_(m), in R² between 9 and 10, and an average value of y from 0.5 to 2.5.
 29. A gypsum slurry comprising gypsum, water, and the surfactant composition of claim
 28. 30. A gypsum board comprising a core and facing sheets, the core comprising the gypsum slurry according to claim 29 and having multiple foam voids. 